sem (search engine marketing)

What is search engine marketing (SEM)? What is search engine optimisation (SEO)? How do I promote my website? Do I have to outsource to a consultant or is that going to harm my site since they're all spammers anyway?

There is a lot of helpful information, as well as a lot of misinformation, floating around regarding search engine optimisation (SEO) and search engine marketing (SEM). First of all, let's start with the names: SEO stands for search engine optimisation (or optimization if you're from the States). In its simplest form SEO is the process of tailoring a website (text, titles, meta tags, alt tags, etc) so that the search engines will assign a good rank to the site for specific search terms.

But with the advent of search engines introducing fees for guaranteed inclusion in their indices, directories charging for reviews and the emergence of PPC listings, SEO now has an element of media buying mixed in. Thus, thanks to Danny Sullivan, it has now been called search engine marketing or SEM (you can still call it SEO if you want).

The SEM Guide is meant to be both a tutorial and a general information resource. I am not selling or promoting anything (other than best practices). I have done SEO / SEM for 5 years and started this site as a way to organise my bookmarks and the information I had collected over the years. If you frequent other prominent SEM resources you'll find that this tutorial, like most search engine promotion sites, tends to go over the same ground. This is because THERE ARE NO SECRETS to successful search engine positioning - just experience, a lot of research and tons of hard work.

If you don't have the time to do it yourself get some expert help. But if you want to try your hand at promoting your own web site or you just want a better insight into how it should be done take the search engine marketing tutorial by following the steps.

The SEM Guide covers other subjects that are not included in the step-by-step tutorial so be sure to check out the side and top menus where every page of the site is listed. Now, on with the search engine marketing tutorial:

intex

As a part of its strategy to strengthen its position and expand reach, Intex Technologies, a front-runner IT Hardware company headquartered in New Delhi, is getting aggressive to capture the market share. The company is targeting growth of 275 crores this financial year and to achieve that it will engage in a host of activities.

To start with, the company recently appointed Sunil Sharma (Ex-Kobian) as its CEO in the month of May.

Confirming the new appointment, Managing Director, Intex Technologies, Narendra Bansal said, "We are pleased to appoint Sunil Sharma as our CEO. He is a veteran in IT industry, a good human being and a valuable asset for Intex. We look forward to his key contribution towards helping Intex meet its objective."

To further establish good relations with its partners, Intex will be rolling out many channel activities like schemes, dealer meets and advertising campaigns. The company believes that such activities help in keeping its channel partners updated about the company's goals and provides an opportunity to share offerings through product displays and does allow them to understand the handling of product through product trainings.

Giving more details on this, General Manager-Sales & Marketing, Intex Technologies (India) Ltd, Pankaj Dubey informed, "Intex has always been enthusiastic to strengthen its relationship with channel partners and consumers through innovative schemes. We provide various schemes to our channel partners from time to time. 'Fly With Intex' is one of the main schemes being launched this financial year on August 2006. This scheme is for the dealers of Intex who are billed directly through our distributors."

"For last few months, we have been actively involved in arranging dealer meets on product and regional basis. Intex had an all India distributor meet - 'Enjoy the Intex Wave' in Goa last year where we had the privilege of having our top 150 distributors to interact with. The top performing distributors were also rewarded in the meet", he further added.

On the product expansion front, Intex recently launched MP3 players, which is the third offering of Intex in the CE segment after DVD players and home theatre systems. It is planning to launch many other products in the coming months. "Other new offerings are notebooks, PC, subwoofers, wireless Keyboard and Mouse, TFT-LCD monitors and CRT monitors etc. Our new range of Centrino based notebooks has been receiving good response. The present quarter would see introduction of new models in the existing categories including notebooks", informed Dubey. In new products like desktops, notebooks and DVD players, the company plans to be in the top five players in India in the near future.

The vendor is also planning to increase its channel base to further push its newly launched PCs, notebooks, entertainment products and electronics products in the market. As Dubey elaborated, "We are aiming to bring in 200 plus distributors for the entertainment electronics range at all major cities across the country."

"Similarly, we are looking to increase distributors and dealers for our PCs as well as notebooks in B and C class towns and in some key A class cities as well. This would be supported by augmenting brand building exercise, adding new end user centric products and activities to our portfolio and streamlining systems and processes", he stated.

Speaking on its service support initiatives Dubey informed, "We are committed to provide best quality products and highest level of after sales service to our
customers. We have increased the warranty on our Gold PC's to three years. We have recently launched an aggressive plan to contact our channel partners directly in order to get first hand feedback on quality of our products, and improvement required in after sales service. This process is yielding very valuable information.

ip4 and ip6

The most obvious difference between the two protocols is the length of their source and destination addresses. The whole point of making the switch to IPv6 is to compensate for a global shortage of IP addresses. It only makes sense that the IPv6 protocol has a larger address space than the IPv4 protocol does.

The IPv4 protocol uses a 32-bit source and destination address. These addresses are typically represented as a series of four octets. As I’m sure you know, a typical IPv4 address looks something like this: 192.168.0.1.

In contrast, an IPv6 address is 128 bits in length. This allows for a total of 3.4×10³⁸ (or 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) addresses. There are several different ways of representing an IPv6 address. An IPv6 address is normally written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each separated by colons. For example, an IPv6 address looks like this: 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af.

You might be looking at the sample address listed above and thinking that typing an IPv6 address involves a lot of effort. Fortunately, IPv6 addresses can be shortened by eliminating zeros. There are two rules that must be followed when condensing an IPv6 address. First, a series of four consecutive zeros can be replaced by two colons, so long as there is only one set of double colons in the resulting address. Using this rule alone, our sample address from above could be condensed to look like this: 2001:0f68::0000:0000:0000:1986:69af

In the example above, we were only able to eliminate one block of zeros because the rule says that there can only be a single set of double colons in an address. Obviously, the sample address above is still a lot to type. Fortunately, the second rule will allow us to make this address a lot shorter. The second rule states that leading zeros in a group can be omitted. What this means is that if a block of four numbers starts with a zero, zero can be removed leaving three numbers in the block. If that three digit block of numbers happens to start with a zero, then the zero can be removed again. The process goes on and on so long as there is a zero in the left-hand position in a block. It’s a little tricky to try to explain the process, so I will demonstrate it below. I will start with our original sample address and then work toward condensing that address.

2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af
2001:f68:000:000:000:000:1986:69af
2001:f68:00:00:00:00:1986:69af
2001:f68:0:0:0:0:1986:69af
2001:f68::1986:69af

Notice that in each line, I simply stripped away the leading zero from each section. Since there were several sections containing all zeros, I was able to completely remove the sections and replace them with a double colon. This was only possible because the sections containing all zeros were found in a row. If the sections of zeros had been scattered, then only one set of zeros could have been completely eliminated (because you are only allowed a single set of double colons). All the other sets of zeros would have to be represented as a single zero.

Using IPv6 Addresses in URLs

Although DNS servers make it possible to access a website by using a fully qualified domain name rather than an IP address, it is still a somewhat standard practice to enter an IP address as a part of a URL. For example, my personal website uses the URL www.brienposey.com, which corresponds to the IP address 24.235.10.4. It would be possible to access my website by entering the following URL: http://24.235.10.4

Most casual Web surfers do not make a habit of entering IP addresses in place of fully qualified domain names. Even so, the practice does exist. This is especially true for private Web applications. Not associating a fully qualified domain name with an application makes it a lot less likely for an unauthorized person to stumble onto the application accidentally.

When an IP address is used in place of a fully qualified domain name, a port number is sometimes specified as part of the address. If you simply enter HTTP:// followed by an address, then your Web browser assumes that you want to use port number 80. However, you can specify any port that you want by appending a colon and the port number to the end of the address. For example, if you wanted to access the www.brienposey.com website by IP address, and specifically require a port 80 to be used, then the command would look like this: http://24.235.10.4:80

The IPv6 protocol can also be used as a part of a URL. If you pay attention to the IPv6 format, you’ll notice that an IPv6 address contains a lot of colons. This poses a bit of a problem since your Web browser typically treats anything after a colon as a port number. That being the case, IPv6 addresses are enclosed in brackets when they are used as a part of a URL. For example, if you were to use our sample IPv6 address in a URL, it would look something like this:

HTTP://[ 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af]/

Just as you can specify a port number alongside an IPv4 address, you can also specify a port number when using an IPv6 address. The port number follows the exact same format as it does when IPv4 is being used, and falls outside of the brackets. For example, if you were wanting to access the website at our sample IPv6 address over port 80, the URL would look something like this:

HTTP://[ 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af]:80/

Notice that the port number, in this case 80, falls between the close bracket and the ending slash. A colon is also used to designate the port number, just as it is in the IPv4 protocol.

If you’re familiar with IPv4, then you know that an IPv4 address consists of four different octets of data, each separated by a period. Part of this address is the network number and the remaining bits identify a specific host on the network. The actual number of bits that are dedicated to the network number and to the host number vary depending on the subnet mask.

Just as an IPv4 address is broken into different parts, so is an IPv6 address. In the previous article, you learned that IPv6 addresses are 128 bytes in length. When an IPv6 address is written in its full form, it is expressed as eight different sets of four numbers, each set separated by a colon. Each of these four digit sets represents 16 bits of data. Each of these 16 bit fields has its own specific purpose.

An IPv6 address is broken into three different parts; the site prefix, the subnet ID, and the interface ID. These three components are identified by the position of the bits within the address. The first three fields in an IPv6 address make up the site prefix. The next field represents the subnet ID, and the last four fields are used for the interface ID.

The site prefix is similar to an IPv4 network number. It is the number that is assigned to your site by an ISP. Typically, all of the computers within a site would share the same site prefix. The site prefix tends to the public in nature since that uniquely identifies your network and allows your network to be accessible from the Internet.

Unlike the site prefix, the subnet ID is private because it is internal to your network. The subnet ID describes the network’s site topology. The subnet ID works very similarly to the way that subnetting works in the IPv4 protocol. The biggest differences are that these subnets can be 16 bytes in length, and is expressed in hexadecimal format rather than in dotted decimal notation. An IPv6 subnet typically corresponds to a single network branch (site) just as an IPv4 subnet does.

The interface ID works similarly to an IPv4 host ID. This number uniquely identifies an individual host on your network. The interface ID (which is sometimes referred to as a token) is typically configured automatically based on the network interface’s MAC address. The interface ID can be manually configured in EUI-64 format.

To see how an IPv6 address is divided into its various subcomponents, take a look at the following address:

2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af

The site prefix portion of this address would be: 2001:0f68:0000. The next field, 0000, represents the subnet ID. The remaining bytes (0000:0000:1986:69af) compose the interface ID.

Typically when a prefix is expressed, it is written in a special format. Zeros are suppressed in the manner explained in the previous article, and the prefixes followed by a slash and another number. The number after the slash indicates the number of bits included in the prefix. In my earlier example, I mentioned that the site prefix for the address 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af was 2001:0f68:0000. Since this prefix is 48 bits in length, we would add a /48 to the end of it to express it properly. With the zeros suppressed, a prefix looks like this: 2001:f68::/48

Types of IPv6 Addresses

Another thing that is unique about the IPv6 protocol is that there are actually three different types of IPv6 addresses; unicast, multicast, and anycast.

Unicast addresses are used to identify an individual host on a network. Multicast addresses, on the other hand, identify a group of network interfaces that typically reside on multiple computers. When a packet of data is sent to a multicast address, that packet is sent to all network interfaces in the multicast group.

Like multicast addresses, anycast addresses identify a specific group of network interfaces that usually reside on multiple computers. So what makes an anycast route different from a multicast group? When packets are sent to a multicast address, they are sent to all of the network interfaces in the group. In contrast, when packets of data are sent to an anycast address, the packets are not sent to the entire group. Instead, they are only sent to the member that is in the closest physical proximity to the sender.

Unicast Addresses

Earlier, when I showed you the format of an IPv6 address and what the various bit positions were used for, I was showing you an example of a unicast address. There are actually two different types of unicast addresses; global unicast addresses and link local unicast addresses. As the names imply, a global unicast address is globally accessible, while a link local unicast address is accessible only to other computers that share the link. The IP address format that I showed you earlier was that of a global unicast address. I chose to talk about this type of address because it is the most common.

Link local unicast addresses used a different address format from global unicast addresses. Like global unicast addresses, link local unicast addresses are also 128 bytes in length. The difference is that the bytes are distributed differently and the address uses a special site prefix.

In a link local unicast address, a site prefix occupies the first 10 bits of the address rather than the first 48 bits, as is the case with a global unicast address. The site prefix used by a link local unicast address is: fe80.

Since the site prefix space has been shortened (compared with a global unicast address), you may not be surprised to learn that the amount of space allocated to the subnet ID has been extended from 16 bits to 64 bits. What might surprise you is that these 64 bits are not actually used. Keep in mind that a link local IP address is only valid for machines sharing a common link. As such, there is no reason to have a subnet ID. The 64 bits of the address space that are reserved for the subnet ID are therefore expressed as zeros.

The interface ID for a link local unicast address is 54 bits in length. The interface ID is almost always derived from the 48 bit MAC address assigned to the network interface card to which the protocol is bound. Below is an example of a link local unicast address:

Fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:23a1:b152

Of course when IPv6 addresses are written out they are usually expressed with leading zeros suppressed. Therefore, the more technically correct expression of this address is:

Fe80::23a1:b152

When the addresses expressed are with zeros suppressed, the address might at first look like any other IPv6 address. Remember that you can tell the difference between a link local unicast address and other types of addresses because a link local unicast address will always began with fe80.

When a packet of data is sent to a multicast address, that packet is sent to all network interfaces in the multicast group. Like multicast addresses, anycast addresses identify a specific group of network interfaces that usually reside on multiple computers. The difference is that when packets are sent to a multicast address, they are sent to all of the network interfaces in the group. In contrast, when packets of data are sent to an anycast address, the packets are not sent to the entire group. Instead, they are only sent to the member that is in the closest physical proximity to the sender.

As you can see, there are at least some similarities between multicast and anycast addresses. In this article, I will conclude this series by discussing multicast and anycast addresses in more detail.

Multicast Addresses

As I explained earlier, multicast addresses are used to identify a group of network interfaces, known as a multicast group. These network interfaces are typically located on multiple computers, but this isn’t an absolute requirement. Multicast addresses are used to send information to any network interface that is defined as belonging to the multicast group.

One of the most interesting things about multicast addresses is that they are not mutually exclusive. Just because a network interface has a multicast address does not mean that the machine can not also have a unicast address or belong to other multicast groups. It is actually very common for a network interface to have a unicast address and to also be a member of multiple multicast groups. In fact, some operating systems add a computer’s network adapter to various multicast groups at the time that the network adapter’s unicast address is defined. For example, the Solaris operating system automatically adds network adapters to the Solicited Node and the All Nodes (or All Routers) multicast groups. In case you are unfamiliar with Solaris, the Solicited Node group is used for discovering other IPv6 enabled devices on the network. Windows Vista relies on a similar function.

Now that I have explained what multicast addresses are used for, I want to talk about what a multicast address looks like. Although an IPv6 address is 128 bits in length, it’s the first eight bits of the address that define an address as being a multicast address. Every multicast address uses a format prefix of 1111 1111. When expressed in colon hexadecimal notation a multicast address will always begin with FF.

The next four bits in a multicast address are known as flag bits. At the present time, the first three of these four bits are unused (and are therefore set to 0). The fourth flag bit is known as the transient bit. Its job is to express whether the address is a permanent or a temporary address. If the address is permanently assigned, this bit is set to 0, otherwise it is set to 1 to indicate that the address is transient (temporary).

The next four bits in a multicast address are known as the Scope ID bits. The amount of space reserved for the scope ID bits is 4 bits in length, which means that there are 16 different possible values. Although not all 16 available values are used at the present time, seven of these values are used to determine the address’ scope. For example, if an address has a global scope, then the address is valid across the entire Internet. The currently used scope ID bits are:

difference between Straight cable and Cross cable?

It's the difference in how a cable is wired. It's called the Pin-Out.

Ehternet uses 2 pairs of wires in a cable. 1 pair for Send the other for Recieve. On a standard RJ45 Jack, pins 1 and 2 are the Send Pair and pins 3 and 6 are the recieve...... a straight through cable is wired identically at both ends. a crossover cable switches the pairs 1 and 2 and 3 and 6...... the the wire connected to pin number 1 is connected to pin number 3 at the opposite end of the cable and the wire for pin 2 is connected to pin 6 at the other end..... it just crosses over the pairs.

A note about Sam's Answer. Hubs are now obsolete and all modern switches don't require crossover cables anymore because modern equiment has auto-sensing MDI/MDIX Ethernet ports.

The most basic answer is that a crossover switches the send and receive of any cable. Not just ethernet. A crossover cable it also referred to as a loopback cable. It can be used to test equipment by making a single port communicate with itself because the port on the other end of the cable is simply relaying the data directly back to the originating port (Unless it is a newer eithernet port with an Auto MDI/MDIX port... then the test doesn't work).

AdSense for Domains Expands Use of Keyword Hints

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AdSense for Domains Expands Use of Keyword Hints

You asked for it, you got it! AdSense for Domains, which launched a year ago to help publishers earn revenue through ads placed on undeveloped domains, now uses optional keyword hints more often. These keywords are suggestions supplied to Google by domain owners about the types of content users are looking for when they arrive on an undeveloped domain. They are used to help our system determine the best ads to place on these domains. For example, with the domain www.rockstarsand.com, a publisher might suggest the keywords "bitumen" and "mining" so that ads may appear from advertisers offering oil extraction products.

Keyword hints remain optional. When keyword hints are provided by the publisher, our ad-matching systems will use them more often. As always, we aim to provide the most relevant ads for the user, the best value for advertisers, and the best returns for publishers. This means in some cases, keyword hints will be ignored when we have evidence that other targeting approaches perform better.

Instructions for setting keyword hints for your domains can be found here.

The AdSense for Domains team is continuing to work on additional product improvements, that we will be announcing in the coming months.

adsence

Display targeted Google ads on your website's content pages and earn from valid clicks or impressions.

AdSense gives you access to Google's vast network of advertisers, so you can show ads that are suited to your audience's interests.

seo
We use computer for different purpose sometime for searching or purchasing some product on internet which we get it easily. Have you ever think we just simply put our keywords in our search engine and get results without any difficulties. This is only possible because they are some companies, which work on these things and Seo Company is one of them. Seo stand for search engine optimization. Seo is important for online business because when people are searching for buying any product online they need quick result and if your website related to any product is there it need to be optimized. If your website is not properly optimize then you are nowhere. There are many search engines, which only shows few pages of related product and person finish his search. Seo is the company, which provide opportunity for promoting your online business in better way and Seo is the important tool for internet marketing.

As online business is also becoming tough and it is not an easy task. There are certain factors, which you need to consider how to increase your traffic on your sites or marketing factors. Seo Company has it own strategies and techniques for making online business more effective. Seo promote your websites in better way due to this the traffic on your websites increase and this is how you gain in business. The keyword plays an important role for promoting your websites this is what seo company first emphasizes. There are different seo companies, which might make difficult for you to select but you can search about them and collect information about them. This is how you can find better option for your websites promotions.

If you are planning to enter the online business in that case you need proper planning and strategies, as business online is no more easy work. You can’t handle all your websites related problems until and unless you have skills for websites promoting it need to be updated on regular basis. This is how your websites maintain top ranking in search engines. For promoting your websites from ranking point of view or increasing traffic in that situation you can take help from the seo company. You might find many companies, which are ready to optimize your websites but you need to be careful before selecting any of them. If you have any questions in your mind related to the seo company in that case you can search on internet where you can find answers. Seo company is helpful keeping your websites active as many other product are constantly becoming part of internet.